Articles 2161–2200 of 2673, covering Income Tax, Case Studies and more.
Section 43B(h) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 — effective from 1 April 2024 (AY 2024-25 onwards) — introduced one of the most consequential compliance…
Tax audit under Section 44AB of the old Act (now Section 194 of the Income-tax Act 2025) is mandatory for businesses and professionals above specified…
Senior citizens (age 60+) are among the most directly impacted by the Income-tax Act 2025 transition — their key deductions are renumbered, the new tax regime…
Most taxpayers receive a Section 143(1) intimation (now processed under equivalent provision in new Act) — a computer-generated notice from CPC Bengaluru…
Tax harvesting — booking gains up to the ₹1.25 lakh LTCG exemption and/or booking losses to offset gains — remains one of India's most powerful yet…
Tax Year 2026-27 started on 1 April 2026 — the first full financial year under the Income-tax Act 2025. Every deadline you miss costs money: advance tax…
Your salary slip may show many components beyond basic salary — fuel reimbursement, mobile reimbursement, book allowance, uniform allowance, leave travel…
It is June 2026, and India has both the old Assessment Year system and the new Tax Year system running simultaneously. If you're filing your ITR in July 2026…
Every month, finance teams across India deposit TDS using Challan 281 — selecting a Nature of Payment (NOP) code that maps to an income tax section. With the…
Unabsorbed depreciation is one of the most tax-efficient tools available to businesses — because unlike business losses, it can be carried forward indefinitely…
With the Income Tax Act 2025 replacing the 1961 Act effective 1 April 2026, every TDS section number has changed. Section 194C is gone — it's now Section…
Russia’s full-scale invasion in February 2022 created one of Europe’s largest economic shocks since World War II. The war attacked territory, but also the…
By 1945, Germany’s cities, infrastructure and political system were shattered. The country faced occupation, division, shortages and moral reckoning after the…
Japan entered the post-war period with destroyed cities, food shortages, demilitarisation and occupation reforms. Yet it retained human capital, social…
After liberation from Japan, the Korean peninsula split into rival states. The Korean War devastated infrastructure and lives. South Korea emerged poor…
Vietnam’s twentieth-century wars included anti-colonial struggle, the Vietnam War and later conflict pressures. Peace did not automatically create prosperity…
World War I was a total war that mobilized economies, labour, industry and finance. It broke the nineteenth-century order and shifted financial power toward…
The Civil War began over slavery, secession and federal power. The conflict demanded massive mobilization and forced the Union to build modern fiscal capacity.
The 1973 Yom Kippur War triggered a geopolitical energy shock as oil exporters used supply and pricing power in a world dependent on imported oil.
India entered the early 1990s with fiscal stress, external imbalances and limited reserves. The Gulf War worsened oil import costs and affected remittances and…
Bangladesh emerged in 1971 after a brutal war. It inherited poverty, damaged infrastructure, weak institutions and high vulnerability to floods and famine.
Yugoslavia’s breakup turned a shared market into multiple states with borders, currencies, damaged infrastructure and political trauma.
The Iran–Iraq War was one of the twentieth century’s longest conventional wars. Both countries had oil resources, but the war absorbed fiscal capacity and…
Iraq entered 2003 after dictatorship, sanctions and wars. The invasion removed the regime but created massive institutional, security and reconstruction…
The Cold War turned military technology, space, ideology and client-state support into a long strategic competition. The Soviet system achieved military scale…
The Napoleonic Wars were a long struggle for European power. Britain’s advantage was the ability to keep financing war without destroying credit credibility.
Ethiopia was often discussed as a fast-growing African economy with state-led infrastructure, industrial parks and public investment. Conflict changed the risk…
Finland’s wars with the Soviet Union imposed territorial loss, reparations and security constraints. Yet the country maintained sovereignty and used discipline…
The U.S. financial system before the Fed was fragmented, seasonal and vulnerable to liquidity shortages. Trust companies operated with less regulation and…
In the 1970s, banks recycled petrodollars into loans to developing countries. Many Latin American economies borrowed heavily in foreign currency. When U.S…
Savings and loans were designed around housing finance. They borrowed short and lent long. When interest rates rose sharply, old fixed-rate mortgage assets…
Japan’s late-1980s boom involved soaring land and equity values, easy credit and confidence in endless asset appreciation. When the bubble burst, collateral…
Mexico had liberalised and attracted capital, but relied on short-term instruments and faced political shocks in 1994. When confidence weakened, reserves fell…
The pre-crisis system combined low rates, housing optimism, subprime lending, securitisation, rating failures, derivatives and wholesale funding. Risk was…
COVID-19 began as a health emergency and quickly became a global economic crisis as mobility restrictions, fear, supply disruption and uncertainty hit…
IRDAI’s health-insurance framework requires policy documents and customer information to disclose benefits, exclusions, waiting periods, sub-limits and claims…
NPS is governed by PFRDA rules, including exit and withdrawal regulations that were amended in 2025. EPF eligibility and benefits follow the EPF framework and…
Company buybacks are governed by the Companies Act and, for listed companies, SEBI rules. Board approval may cover prescribed buybacks up to 10% of paid-up…
India does not have one finance-specific AI statute that replaces existing duties. Companies must apply data-protection, cybersecurity, accounting, audit…
Indian data-centre projects operate within electricity, land, building, fire, environmental, telecom, data and state-policy frameworks. Approvals and…