Section 45
Grounds of opinion, when relevant
Reviewed by Ravi Sisodia · Last reviewed 10 October 2026
Official text of section 45 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Chapter II: Relevancy of facts), with the matching section of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
Section 45, official text
Whenever the opinion of any living person is relevant, the grounds on which such opinion is based are also relevant.
Illustration. An expert may give an account of experiments performed by him for the purpose of forming his opinion. Character when relevant
Source: The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act 47 of 2023), Gazette of India Extraordinary, in force from 1 July 2024. The signed Gazette controls.
Compared with the Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Section 45 replaces Section 51 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (“Grounds of opinion, when relevant”). The wording is substantially the same as the earlier section. The 1872 Act was repealed by section 170 of the Adhiniyam, which saves proceedings pending on 1 July 2024.
Nearby sections
- Section 43 — Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant
- Section 44 — Opinion on relationship, when relevant
- Section 46 — In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant
- Section 47 — In criminal cases previous good character relevant
Source and review trail
The text above is taken from the Gazette of India publication of the Act. Check later amendments and the signed Gazette before relying on it.
- Official text
- NCRB — Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, section 45