Customs Tariff Chapter 28: Inorganic chemicals; rare-earth and isotope compounds

Finin2min Summary — in 2 Minutes

Chapter 28 covers inorganic chemicals; rare-earth and isotope compounds. It is a legal classification chapter of the First Schedule to the Customs Tariff Act, 1975, not a stand-alone rate card. The primary controversy for this chapter is usually separate inorganic compounds, critical minerals, isotopes/radioactive materials and mixtures/preparations.

A defensible classification starts with the goods in the condition imported, their technical/commercial identity and the applicable Section and Chapter Notes. Under the Supreme Court's 2026 Welkin Foods decision, the heading terms and Notes under GRI 1 come first; later GRIs are sequential tie-breakers rather than a licence to select the most convenient rate or end-use description.

Heading architecture of Chapter 28

The table below gives the chapter-level route. Final classification must descend to the live Indian 8-digit tariff item, including any split/merge introduced by Finance Act 2026 and subsequently synchronised into DGFT's ITC(HS) import-policy schedule.

The heading map runs from Halogens, sulphur/carbon, hydrogen/noble gases and specified metals through Peroxide, carbides/hydrides and residual inorganic compounds. It is deliberately paired with legal boundary analysis: a chapter heading should never be selected only because an invoice description appears to match a few words.

Legal boundaries and exclusions

• Separate chemically defined substances from mixtures and preparations; the Chapter Notes expressly control many chemical boundaries.
• CAS number and trade name are useful evidence but cannot replace the statutory description, molecular identity, purity and permitted-impurity rules.
• End use becomes decisive only where the tariff heading or legal Note makes use/adaptation relevant.
• Formulated pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, pesticides, adhesives or other preparations must be tested against their product chapters rather than forced into a raw-chemical heading.
• Chemical safety, drug, fertiliser, explosives, food and QCO controls are independent from customs classification.

Chapter-specific focus: separate inorganic compounds, critical minerals, isotopes/radioactive materials and mixtures/preparations. For every live import, document the strongest competing chapter or heading and identify the exact Note, product fact or GRI step that eliminates it. That short contemporaneous classification memo is materially stronger evidence than a later statement that the code reflected past practice.

How to classify goods in this chapter

1. Freeze the facts before the rate. Collect chemical/product identity, CAS number or ingredient formula, assay/purity, mixture versus separate substance, physical/formulation state. Add chapter-specific laboratory, composition, species, process or manufacturing records where relevant.
2. Apply Section and Chapter Notes. Notes can exclude a product even when a heading title appears commercially attractive.
3. Use GRI 1 first. Match objective goods to heading terms and Notes. Do not jump to GRI 3 merely because two commercial descriptions appear possible.
4. Use GRI 2 only when its legal trigger exists. Incomplete/unfinished goods and mixtures/combinations require careful application rather than automatic essential-character treatment.
5. Move through GRI 3 and 4 only if the earlier rules genuinely fail to resolve competing headings.
6. Apply GRI 5 to cases/containers and GRI 6 at subheading level. Compare subheadings only at the same level.
7. Lock the material date. Confirm whether a Finance Act split/rate change had commenced on the bill-of-entry date.
8. Only then compute duty. Apply BCD, SWS where applicable, import IGST/cess, trade-remedy duty, exemption and preferential-origin benefit to the selected CTI.

2025–26 statutory and tariff update

Chapter 28 is a major 2026 tariffisation area. Finance Act 2026 moves numerous critical-mineral/inorganic-chemical tariff items to Free or reduced statutory rates and creates 2841 90 10 for ammonium metavanadate at 2.5% from 1 May 2026.

The Finance Act 2026 Fourth and Fifth Schedules are especially important in this group of chapters because they change both code architecture and statutory rates. A split creates a new legal declaration choice; tariffisation moves an applied rate into the First Schedule even where the commercial rate appears unchanged. These two events should not be confused.

DGFT Notification 24/2026-27 dated 22 July 2026 subsequently amended ITC(HS) 2022 Schedule I to synchronise inserted, deleted, split and merged import codes with Finance Act 2026. For affected goods, the customs CTI and import-policy code therefore need to be checked together rather than by copying a pre-July master.

Duty, exemption, origin and trade-remedy layer

After the 8-digit CTI is fixed, calculate the import incidence in a separate layer. Verify the standard BCD in the First Schedule, the current general/specific exemption notification, Social Welfare Surcharge treatment, import IGST/cess, tariff value where prescribed, and any anti-dumping/countervailing/safeguard measure.

A preferential FTA rate is not a classification concession. The product still needs the correct CTI and the origin claim must independently satisfy the applicable Rules of Origin and CAROTAR evidence. Likewise, an exemption notification should never be used backwards to choose a tariff heading merely because one heading offers relief.

Import-policy and allied-law controls

For Chapter 28, the compliance file should separately test the following:

• DGFT ITC(HS) import policy
• BIS/QCO where notified
• hazardous chemical/environmental rules
• sector regulator such as CDSCO/FSSAI/Fertiliser/Explosives authorities where applicable

Correct tariff classification does not itself establish importability. A restricted/prohibited product, a product needing licence/NOC, a QCO-controlled item or a hazardous/wildlife-regulated good can remain non-clearable despite a technically correct tariff code.

Case law and classification doctrine

Material-date rule: do not lift a ratio from an old judgment without comparing the heading text, Section/Chapter Notes and national tariff splits considered by the court. A later HS amendment can preserve the general classification principle but change the answer for the current product.

Worked example

Ammonium metavanadate should no longer sit in a generic residual 2841 90 line after the 2026 split. Match CAS number and assay to 2841 90 10, then check any end-use concession or chemical control separately.

For Finin2min-quality working papers, record: product facts; competing headings; decisive Note/GRI; chosen 8-digit CTI; Finance Act effective-date check; exemption/preference tested; DGFT policy status; allied licences/NOCs; and the primary-source links relied upon.

Evidence and compliance checklist

• Commercial invoice, packing list and purchase order with a technically precise description.
• Manufacturer specification/process sheet and evidence of chemical/product identity, CAS number or ingredient formula, assay/purity, mixture versus separate substance, physical/formulation state.
• Certificate of analysis, lab test, species certificate, construction drawing or other objective test evidence where relevant.
• Current Section/Chapter/Supplementary Notes and the precise 8-digit tariff item as in force on the material date.
• Finance Act amendment/change note where the CTI or rate was split, inserted, omitted or tariffised.
• Operative exemption/concessional notification and evidence for every substantive condition.
• FTA certificate/origin documents and CAROTAR records where a preferential rate is claimed.
• DGFT policy extract, licence/NOC and QCO/sanitary/phytosanitary/drug/wildlife/environmental evidence where applicable.
• A short signed internal classification note explaining the rejected competing heading.

Common mistakes

• Using the overseas supplier's HS code as if it were automatically the Indian 8-digit CTI.
• Choosing the heading by end use even though the tariff entry does not refer to use/adaptation.
• Searching exemptions or lower rates before fixing the legal classification.
• Continuing a pre-2026 CTI after Finance Act/DGFT split or deletion.
• Treating a portal result, earlier bill of entry or broker precedent as primary legal authority.
• Ignoring the imported condition, composition, manufacturing stage or objective technical test.
• Applying an old judgment after the relevant Chapter Note or heading text has changed.

Finin2min Q&A

Does this chapter page provide the final customs duty?

No. It provides the legal classification route. Final incidence depends on the live 8-digit item, First Schedule rate, exemption, SWS, IGST/cess, trade remedies and preference/origin.

Can past imports determine the classification?

No. They can be evidence of practice, but each declaration must remain legally correct for its own material date and product facts. There is no estoppel against applying the correct tariff law.

When should technical testing be obtained?

Before filing whenever composition, purity, species, manufacturing stage, construction or another measurable property controls the heading. Post-clearance testing is often weaker because the imported sample and contemporaneous evidence may no longer be available.

When is an advance ruling worth considering?

For repeated or high-value imports with stable product specifications where a genuine classification uncertainty remains after the Notes and GRI analysis, a Customs advance ruling can be considered. The factual description must be complete and consistent with the product actually imported.