Act: Indian Contract Act, 1872; Act 9 of 1872; commencement 1 September 1872.
Source protocol: Complete central provision text is reproduced locally. Retained official India Code PDF extract. Official India Code and Gazette instruments prevail if any discrepancy is identified.
Full statutory text and Finin2min decode
Section 68 - Claim for necessaries supplied to person incapable of contracting, or on his account
Local statutory-text source control: Retained official India Code PDF extract. Official India Code source prevails.
Current statutory text
68. Claim for necessaries supplied to person incapable of contracting, or on his account.—If a
person, incapable of entering into a contract, or any one whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied
by another person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the person who has furnished such
supplies is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person.2
Illustrations
(a) A supplies B, a lunatic, with necessaries suitable to his condition in life. A is entitled to be reimbursed from B’s
property.
(b) A supplies the wife and children of B, a lunatic, with necessaries suitable to their condition in life. A is entitled to be
reimbursed from B’s property.
Finin2min clause-by-clause decode
Clause
Statutory requirement
Finin2min meaning
Evidence/control
Main rule
68. Claim for necessaries supplied to person incapable of contracting, or on his account.—If a person, incapable of entering into a contract, or any one whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied by another person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the person who has furnished such supplies is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person.2 Illustrations
Test this main limb within the commercial rights and obligations framework. Operational focus: 68. claim for necessaries supplied to person incapable of contracting, or on his account.—if a person, incapable of.
Contract/deed, authority, chronology, notices, performance and payment records tied to this limb.
(a)
A supplies B, a lunatic, with necessaries suitable to his condition in life. A is entitled to be reimbursed from B’s property.
Test this (a) within the commercial rights and obligations framework. Operational focus: a supplies b, a lunatic, with necessaries suitable to his condition in life. a is entitled to be.
Contract/deed, authority, chronology, notices, performance and payment records tied to this limb.
(b)
A supplies the wife and children of B, a lunatic, with necessaries suitable to their condition in life. A is entitled to be reimbursed from B’s property.
Test this (b) within the commercial rights and obligations framework. Operational focus: a supplies the wife and children of b, a lunatic, with necessaries suitable to their condition in life.
Contract/deed, authority, chronology, notices, performance and payment records tied to this limb.
Finin2min implementation explanation
Section 68 is a commercial rights and obligations provision dealing with claim for necessaries supplied to person incapable of contracting, or on his account. Identify the actor, trigger, cumulative or alternative conditions, provisos, exceptions and legal consequence before reaching a conclusion.
Implementation control: Translate the provision into an owner, trigger, approval, evidence, deadline, exception and remedy control, then test connected law and State variation.
Section-level practical application
Transaction test
Apply this provision to the event-date facts and record every satisfied, disputed or inapplicable limb.
Consequence and remedy
Identify how it changes validity, title, authority, liability, payment, rejection, recovery, registration, evidence or relief.
Section 69 - Reimbursement of person paying money due by another, in payment of which he is interested
Local statutory-text source control: Retained official India Code PDF extract. Official India Code source prevails.
Current statutory text
69.Reimbursement of person paying money due by another, in payment of which he is
interested.—A person who is interested in the payment of money which another is bound by law to pay,
and who therefore pays it, is entitled to be reimbursed by the other.
1. See ss. 3 and 5, supra.
2. The property of a Government ward in Madhya Pradesh is not liable under this section, see the C.P. Court of Wards Act, 1899
(24 of 1899), s. 31(1).
Illustration
B holds land in Bengal, on a lease granted by A, the zamindar. The revenue payable by A to the Government being in arrear,
his land is advertised for sale by the Government. Under the revenue law, the consequence of such sale will be the annulment of
B’s lease. B, to prevent the sale and the consequent annulment of his own lease, pays to the Government the sum due from A. A
is bound to make good to B the amount so paid.
Finin2min clause-by-clause decode
Clause
Statutory requirement
Finin2min meaning
Evidence/control
Main rule
69.Reimbursement of person paying money due by another, in payment of which he is interested.—A person who is interested in the payment of money which another is bound by law to pay, and who therefore pays it, is entitled to be reimbursed by the other. 1. See ss. 3 and 5, supra. 2. The property of a Government ward in Madhya Pradesh is not liable under this section, see the C.P. Court of Wards Act, 1899 (24 of 1899), s. 31
Test this main limb within the price, payment and financial consequence framework. Operational focus: 69.reimbursement of person paying money due by another, in payment of which he is interested.—a person who is.
Contract/deed, authority, chronology, notices, performance and payment records tied to this limb.
(1)
. Illustration B holds land in Bengal, on a lease granted by A, the zamindar. The revenue payable by A to the Government being in arrear, his land is advertised for sale by the Government. Under the revenue law, the consequence of such sale will be the annulment of B’s lease. B, to prevent the sale and the consequent annulment of his own lease, pays to the Government the sum due from A. A is bound to make good to B the amount so paid.
Test this (1) within the price, payment and financial consequence framework. Operational focus: . illustration b holds land in bengal, on a lease granted by a, the zamindar. the revenue payable.
Contract/deed, authority, chronology, notices, performance and payment records tied to this limb.
Finin2min implementation explanation
Section 69 is a price, payment and financial consequence provision dealing with reimbursement of person paying money due by another, in payment of which he is interested. Identify the actor, trigger, cumulative or alternative conditions, provisos, exceptions and legal consequence before reaching a conclusion.
Implementation control: Reconcile base price, taxes, credits, deductions, interest, due dates and payment proof. Link every adjustment to the contract and statute.
Section-level practical application
Transaction test
Apply this provision to the event-date facts and record every satisfied, disputed or inapplicable limb.
Consequence and remedy
Identify how it changes validity, title, authority, liability, payment, rejection, recovery, registration, evidence or relief.
Section 70 - Obligation of person enjoying benefit of non-gratuitous act
Local statutory-text source control: Retained official India Code PDF extract. Official India Code source prevails.
Current statutory text
70.Obligation of person enjoying benefit of non-gratuitous act.—Where a person lawfully does
anything for another person, or delivers anything to him, not intending to do so gratuitously, and such
other person enjoys the benefit thereof, the latter is bound to make compensation to the former in respect
of, or to restore, the thing so done or delivered1.
Illustrations
(a) A, a tradesman, leaves goods at B’s house by mistake. B treats the goods as his own. He is bound to pay A for them.
(b) A saves B’s property from fire. A is not entitled to compensation from B, if the circumstances show that he intended to
act gratuitously.
Finin2min clause-by-clause decode
Clause
Statutory requirement
Finin2min meaning
Evidence/control
Main rule
70.Obligation of person enjoying benefit of non-gratuitous act.—Where a person lawfully does anything for another person, or delivers anything to him, not intending to do so gratuitously, and such other person enjoys the benefit thereof, the latter is bound to make compensation to the former in respect of, or to restore, the thing so done or delivered1. Illustrations
Test this main limb within the commercial rights and obligations framework. Operational focus: 70.obligation of person enjoying benefit of non-gratuitous act.—where a person lawfully does anything for another person, or delivers.
Contract/deed, authority, chronology, notices, performance and payment records tied to this limb.
(a)
A, a tradesman, leaves goods at B’s house by mistake. B treats the goods as his own. He is bound to pay A for them.
Test this (a) within the commercial rights and obligations framework. Operational focus: a, a tradesman, leaves goods at b’s house by mistake. b treats the goods as his own. he.
Contract/deed, authority, chronology, notices, performance and payment records tied to this limb.
(b)
A saves B’s property from fire. A is not entitled to compensation from B, if the circumstances show that he intended to act gratuitously.
Test this (b) within the commercial rights and obligations framework. Operational focus: a saves b’s property from fire. a is not entitled to compensation from b, if the circumstances show.
Contract/deed, authority, chronology, notices, performance and payment records tied to this limb.
Finin2min implementation explanation
Section 70 is a commercial rights and obligations provision dealing with obligation of person enjoying benefit of non-gratuitous act. Identify the actor, trigger, cumulative or alternative conditions, provisos, exceptions and legal consequence before reaching a conclusion.
Implementation control: Translate the provision into an owner, trigger, approval, evidence, deadline, exception and remedy control, then test connected law and State variation.
Section-level practical application
Transaction test
Apply this provision to the event-date facts and record every satisfied, disputed or inapplicable limb.
Consequence and remedy
Identify how it changes validity, title, authority, liability, payment, rejection, recovery, registration, evidence or relief.
Section 71 - Responsibility of finder of goods
Local statutory-text source control: Retained official India Code PDF extract. Official India Code source prevails.
Current statutory text
71.Responsibility of finder of goods.—A person who finds goods belonging to another, and takes
them into his custody, is subject to the same responsibility as a bailee2.
Finin2min clause-by-clause decode
Clause
Statutory requirement
Finin2min meaning
Evidence/control
Main rule
71.Responsibility of finder of goods.—A person who finds goods belonging to another, and takes them into his custody, is subject to the same responsibility as a bailee2.
Test this main limb within the commercial rights and obligations framework. Operational focus: 71.responsibility of finder of goods.—a person who finds goods belonging to another, and takes them into his custody.
Contract/deed, authority, chronology, notices, performance and payment records tied to this limb.
Finin2min implementation explanation
Section 71 is a commercial rights and obligations provision dealing with responsibility of finder of goods. Identify the actor, trigger, cumulative or alternative conditions, provisos, exceptions and legal consequence before reaching a conclusion.
Implementation control: Translate the provision into an owner, trigger, approval, evidence, deadline, exception and remedy control, then test connected law and State variation.
Section-level practical application
Transaction test
Apply this provision to the event-date facts and record every satisfied, disputed or inapplicable limb.
Consequence and remedy
Identify how it changes validity, title, authority, liability, payment, rejection, recovery, registration, evidence or relief.
Section 72 - Liability of person to whom money is paid, or thing delivered, by mistake or under coercion
Local statutory-text source control: Retained official India Code PDF extract. Official India Code source prevails.
Current statutory text
72. Liability of person to whom money is paid, or thing delivered, by mistake or under
coercion.—A person to whom money has been paid, or anything delivered, by mistake or under coercion,
must repay or return it.
Illustrations
(a)A and B jointly owe 100 rupees to C, A alone pays the amount to C, and B, not knowing this fact, pays 100 rupees over
again to C. C is bound to repay the amount to B.
(b)A railway company refuses to deliver up certain goods to the consignee, except upon the payment of an illegal charge for
carriage. The consignee pays the sum charged in order to obtain the goods. He is entitled to recover so much of the charge as was
illegally excessive.
CHAPTER VI
OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF BREACH OF CONTRACT
Finin2min clause-by-clause decode
Clause
Statutory requirement
Finin2min meaning
Evidence/control
Main rule
72. Liability of person to whom money is paid, or thing delivered, by mistake or under coercion.—A person to whom money has been paid, or anything delivered, by mistake or under coercion, must repay or return it. Illustrations
Test this main limb within the validity and consent framework. Operational focus: 72. liability of person to whom money is paid, or thing delivered, by mistake or under coercion.—a person.
Contract/deed, authority, chronology, notices, performance and payment records tied to this limb.
(a)
A and B jointly owe 100 rupees to C, A alone pays the amount to C, and B, not knowing this fact, pays 100 rupees over again to C. C is bound to repay the amount to B.
Test this (a) within the validity and consent framework. Operational focus: a and b jointly owe 100 rupees to c, a alone pays the amount to c, and b.
Contract/deed, authority, chronology, notices, performance and payment records tied to this limb.
(b)
A railway company refuses to deliver up certain goods to the consignee, except upon the payment of an illegal charge for carriage. The consignee pays the sum charged in order to obtain the goods. He is entitled to recover so much of the charge as was illegally excessive. CHAPTER VI OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF BREACH OF CONTRACT
Test this (b) within the validity and consent framework. Operational focus: a railway company refuses to deliver up certain goods to the consignee, except upon the payment of an.
Contract/deed, authority, chronology, notices, performance and payment records tied to this limb.
Finin2min implementation explanation
Section 72 is a validity and consent provision dealing with liability of person to whom money is paid, or thing delivered, by mistake or under coercion. Identify the actor, trigger, cumulative or alternative conditions, provisos, exceptions and legal consequence before reaching a conclusion.
Implementation control: Preserve negotiations, disclosures and approvals. Test capacity, free consent, lawful object, severability, restitution and ratification as separate questions.
Section-level practical application
Transaction test
Apply this provision to the event-date facts and record every satisfied, disputed or inapplicable limb.
Consequence and remedy
Identify how it changes validity, title, authority, liability, payment, rejection, recovery, registration, evidence or relief.
Practical examples and calculations
Chapter scenario
A live transaction raises issues concerning relations resembling contract and restitution. Freeze the event date, map each statutory condition, preserve authority and performance evidence, quantify exposure and choose remedy only after limitation and forum review.
Calculation
Method
Evidence
Price / consideration
Reconcile base amount, GST/tax, credits, retention, deductions and payment terms.
Contract, invoice, ledger, tax documents and bank proof.
Loss / compensation
Separate direct loss, consequential loss, avoided cost, mitigation, restitution, interest and stipulated sum.
Loss model, market evidence and mitigation log.
Partner settlement
Reconcile capital, current accounts, loans, drawings, profit share, assets, liabilities and goodwill.
Deed, ledgers, bank records and valuation.
Limitation
Record accrual, breach/refusal, notice, acknowledgment, exclusion and filing date.
Chronology and limitation memorandum.
Practical transaction application
Identify the transaction, relationship, parties and event date.
Map every provision to the contract/deed and actual conduct.
Record conditions satisfied, disputed, waived, excused or prevented.
Reconcile authority, delivery/performance, acceptance, payment and notices.
Quantify exposure and choose cure, termination, recovery, settlement or litigation strategy.
Authority, consent and execution controls
Authority
Correct legal entities and counterparties.
Board, partner, power-of-attorney or delegated authority.
Ordinary-course and implied-authority limits.
Third-party knowledge of restrictions.
Consent
Offer, acceptance and agreed version.
Capacity, free consent and disclosures.
Conditions precedent and approvals.
No unauthorised post-execution alteration.
Execution
Complete schedules and annexures.
Witnessing, attestation and e-sign audit trail.
Counterparts, date and place.
Original and certified-copy custody.
Stamp duty and registration alerts
Stamp duty is State/UT-specific. Classify the true instrument, place of execution or receipt, consideration and property. Registration is a separate enquiry. Insufficient stamping may require impounding; non-registration may affect property and third-party enforceability.
Instrument
Alert
Commercial agreement
Do not default to a generic article if the substance is indemnity, guarantee, security, transfer, lease or another specifically charged instrument.
Partnership deed/reconstitution
Check capital contribution, immovable property, retirement/dissolution and Registrar filing separately.
Sale of movable goods
Coordinate contract, invoice, GST/e-invoice, transport and sectoral records.
Property-related relief
Check compulsory registration, title, court fee and decree-registration effects.
Evidence and document-retention checklist
Core file
Executed agreement and every amendment
Authority and approval trail
Negotiation and version history
Notices and receipt proof
Performance and acceptance evidence
Invoices, ledger and bank proof
Loss and mitigation working
Limitation and forum note
Electronic evidence
Native email/message and metadata.
Version history and e-sign certificate.
System logs and acknowledgements.
Legal hold and defensible export.
Retention
Executed originals and amendments.
Authority and entity records.
Tax, payment and accounting records.
Claims and litigation records through final disposal.
Forms, registers and operational records
Record/form
Control
No universal statutory form
The Act generally works through agreements, notices and evidence rather than prescribed Central forms.
Contract register
Maintain owner, counterparty, value, term, renewal, governing law and dispute route.
Breach/claim file
Preserve notice, causation, loss, mitigation and remedy decision.
Performance, delivery and payment controls
Stage
Control
Proof
Obligation matrix
List each reciprocal obligation, owner, due date, dependency and consequence.
Signed matrix tied to contract sections.
Delivery/performance
Record dispatch, carrier, title/risk point, milestones, inspection and acceptance/rejection.
Delivery documents, certificates and correspondence.
Payment
Reconcile invoice, tax, credit, retention, set-off, due date and bank receipt.
Invoice, e-invoice, ledger and bank proof.
Change/cure
Use authorised variation and cure procedures; avoid informal waiver.
Change order, approval and cure closure.
Breach, loss, mitigation and remedy framework
Identify the exact obligation and legally material breach.
Confirm causation, remoteness, foreseeability and proof of loss.
Record mitigation, avoided cost and substitute performance.
Test damages, price, restitution, lien, stoppage, accounts, dissolution, specific performance, injunction, rescission, rectification, cancellation or declaration.
Check remedy election, double recovery, caps/exclusions and public policy.
Limitation and forum controls
Control
Analysis
Accrual
Classify cause of action and record breach, refusal, knowledge, demand and continuing-obligation dates.
Limitation
Apply the correct article; test acknowledgment, part-payment, exclusion and disability.
Jurisdiction
Check territorial/pecuniary rules, Commercial Courts threshold, exclusive forum and special court.
Interim relief
Assess preservation, injunction, receiver, security and evidence protection.
Appeal/enforcement
Map decree/award challenge, execution, interest and cross-border enforcement.
Arbitration and mediation interface
Validate agreement, signatories, scope, seat, rules and appointment mechanism.
Separate substantive rights from forum selection and identify non-arbitrable issues.
Check interim measures, consolidation, joinder and multi-contract issues.
Preserve limitation during negotiation or mediation.
Record settlement authority, confidentiality, tax, stamp and enforceability.
Company, partnership, GST and tax overlays
Overlay
Questions
Companies Act
Authority, objects, approvals, related-party, loan/guarantee/security and disclosure requirements.
Partnership/LLP
Deed/LLP authority, current constitution and public records.
Withholding, partner remuneration/interest, capital/revenue, bad debt, settlement and transfer consequences.
IBC/FEMA/consumer
Moratorium and avoidance, cross-border payment/governing law, consumer and e-commerce protection.
Binding and foundational judicial principles
Authority
Principle
Verification
Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose
Capacity: a minor cannot be made contractually liable through an agreement treated as enforceable against the minor.
Verify official judgment and later treatment.
Bhagwandas Goverdhandas Kedia v. Girdharilal Parshottamdas
Communication rules determine where and when acceptance creates a concluded contract.
Verify official judgment and later treatment.
Central Inland Water Transport Corp. v. Brojo Nath Ganguly
Unconscionable terms and unequal bargaining power may engage public-policy and undue-influence analysis.
Verify official judgment and later treatment.
Satyabrata Ghose v. Mugneeram Bangur & Co.
Section 56 covers practical impossibility and frustration, not merely literal physical impossibility.
Verify official judgment and later treatment.
Fateh Chand v. Balkishan Das
A stipulated sum does not automatically become recoverable; reasonable compensation remains the statutory measure.
Verify official judgment and later treatment.
Kailash Nath Associates v. DDA
Section 74 compensation requires legal injury and cannot operate as an automatic windfall.
Verify official judgment and later treatment.
Central and State/UT variation alerts
Stamp duty, registration, court fee, civil procedure and State amendments must be checked for the instrument and forum.
Use the State/UT variation register in the data folder for the live source checklist.
Chapter-specific decision flowchart
Finin2min Q&A
What decision does ICA-C06 help a business make?
It determines how relations resembling contract and restitution should be classified, documented, performed and enforced under sections 68-72 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872.
Which provision should be read first in ICA-C06?
Begin with section 68 (Claim for necessaries supplied to person incapable of contracting, or on his account) and then read the connected definitions, exceptions and remedy provisions in sequence.
What is the principal implementation risk in ICA-C06?
Applying a commercial label without proving the statutory conditions for relations resembling contract and restitution, or acting without authority, notice, performance and payment evidence.
Which execution checks are specific to ICA-C06?
Confirm the correct entities, signatory authority, consent, complete annexures, stamp and registration treatment, digital audit trail and approvals relevant to relations resembling contract and restitution.
How should evidence be indexed for ICA-C06?
Link every section in the chapter with the contract or deed, authority, chronology, notices, performance, delivery, payment, loss and remedy evidence supporting it.
What calculation should be retained for ICA-C06?
Retain the relevant price, tax, interest, partner-account, loss, mitigation, restitution or relief working with sources and assumptions, not only the final number.
How does limitation affect ICA-C06?
Classify the precise cause of action associated with relations resembling contract and restitution, record accrual, refusal, notice, acknowledgment and exclusion dates, and apply the correct Limitation Act article.
Can arbitration resolve every dispute arising under ICA-C06?
Arbitration may govern the forum, but it does not validate illegality, remove mandatory rules or make a non-arbitrable subject arbitrable. Check scope, seat and interim relief.
Which tax and entity overlays should be checked for ICA-C06?
Check Companies Act authority and related-party controls, partnership constitution, GST supply and invoice consequences, withholding, accounting and insolvency effects.
What is the final professional sign-off for ICA-C06?
Confirm the current statutory source, section conclusions, State variation, authority, calculation, limitation, remedy, forum and complete evidence trail.
Why is section 72 important to ICA-C06?
Section 72 (Liability of person to whom money is paid, or thing delivered, by mistake or under coercion) completes the chapter control and must be tested independently.
Official Gazette and applicable State/UT Gazette, Registrar and court portals.
Review date: 2026-07-18.
Source and review trail
Use the current official instrument, portal or regulator publication before acting. This panel separates the category authority from page-specific references.
